Backlinks
| Referring page | DR | Ref. domains | Linked domains | Anchor and target URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
main.do;jsessionid=Q9pqVdY3_q_fdssMRiJ4RydKj7-qa6hXihD94A...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=Q9pqVdY3_q_fdssMRiJ4RydKj7-qa6hXihD94ATg.nccp_20?menu_id=050200
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=Q9pqVdY3_q_fdssMRiJ4RydKj7-qa6hXihD94A...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=Q9pqVdY3_q_fdssMRiJ4RydKj7-qa6hXihD94ATg.nccp_20?menu_id=050200
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=aZoXJa8-ClNGf7JxbSPF2xG6SBlVUmuWh4TMrL...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=aZoXJa8-ClNGf7JxbSPF2xG6SBlVUmuWh4TMrLil.nccp_20?menu_id=020000
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=aZoXJa8-ClNGf7JxbSPF2xG6SBlVUmuWh4TMrL...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=aZoXJa8-ClNGf7JxbSPF2xG6SBlVUmuWh4TMrLil.nccp_20?menu_id=020000
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=n_bXv4wishetdR8Du3ZCyCW8ic5VnFhOH4F5-Q...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=n_bXv4wishetdR8Du3ZCyCW8ic5VnFhOH4F5-Q5Y.nccp_20?menu_id=050100
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=n_bXv4wishetdR8Du3ZCyCW8ic5VnFhOH4F5-Q...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=n_bXv4wishetdR8Du3ZCyCW8ic5VnFhOH4F5-Q5Y.nccp_20?menu_id=050100
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=TFzncPeV1_5Pt6TIQXicm5Fk9WC1adqz33bYLz...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=TFzncPeV1_5Pt6TIQXicm5Fk9WC1adqz33bYLz6j.nccp_10?menu_id=020200
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=TFzncPeV1_5Pt6TIQXicm5Fk9WC1adqz33bYLz...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=TFzncPeV1_5Pt6TIQXicm5Fk9WC1adqz33bYLz6j.nccp_10?menu_id=020200
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=yrckwpVNBQTvBwZaKi1vpfdfXt2zww1Rr2auQH...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=yrckwpVNBQTvBwZaKi1vpfdfXt2zww1Rr2auQHoH.nccp_20?menu_id=010200
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=yrckwpVNBQTvBwZaKi1vpfdfXt2zww1Rr2auQH...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=yrckwpVNBQTvBwZaKi1vpfdfXt2zww1Rr2auQHoH.nccp_20?menu_id=010200
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=JAGlO6LxqCw_SWK-JQN12JTI_6gSabLTa3YXAR...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=JAGlO6LxqCw_SWK-JQN12JTI_6gSabLTa3YXARBe.nccp_20?f_ntt_code=NOTICE&f_ntt_sn=162&menu_id=050300&s_menu_id=R
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=JAGlO6LxqCw_SWK-JQN12JTI_6gSabLTa3YXAR...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=JAGlO6LxqCw_SWK-JQN12JTI_6gSabLTa3YXARBe.nccp_20?f_ntt_code=NOTICE&f_ntt_sn=162&menu_id=050300&s_menu_id=R
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=JhJt-5Uu9HAGCBbLkDhs3s_ZZ30C7oAp1WkiHO...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=JhJt-5Uu9HAGCBbLkDhs3s_ZZ30C7oAp1WkiHOk6.nccp_10?menu_id=010206
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=JhJt-5Uu9HAGCBbLkDhs3s_ZZ30C7oAp1WkiHO...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=JhJt-5Uu9HAGCBbLkDhs3s_ZZ30C7oAp1WkiHOk6.nccp_10?menu_id=010206
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=z-X1pAoXNoM4HR8PcWGduUR__6btoZzK4RS7Or...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=z-X1pAoXNoM4HR8PcWGduUR__6btoZzK4RS7OrPg.nccp_20?menu_id=031500
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=z-X1pAoXNoM4HR8PcWGduUR__6btoZzK4RS7Or...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=z-X1pAoXNoM4HR8PcWGduUR__6btoZzK4RS7OrPg.nccp_20?menu_id=031500
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=s5EcBtQGTqQ1U6IdgJ_CV3EYLKlMobsT-1CSNz...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=s5EcBtQGTqQ1U6IdgJ_CV3EYLKlMobsT-1CSNzVA.nccp_20?f_ntt_code=NOTICE&f_ntt_sn=178&menu_id=050300&s_menu_id=R
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=s5EcBtQGTqQ1U6IdgJ_CV3EYLKlMobsT-1CSNz...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=s5EcBtQGTqQ1U6IdgJ_CV3EYLKlMobsT-1CSNzVA.nccp_20?f_ntt_code=NOTICE&f_ntt_sn=178&menu_id=050300&s_menu_id=R
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=_teDveGMQv6HDoxJlOBv4TTJdxYaF6vCKlLGEi...
https://nccp.nih.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=_teDveGMQv6HDoxJlOBv4TTJdxYaF6vCKlLGEicN.nccp_10?menu_id=060100
nccp.nih.go.kr
|
44 | 2 | 39 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=_teDveGMQv6HDoxJlOBv4TTJdxYaF6vCKlLGEi...
https://nccp.nih.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=_teDveGMQv6HDoxJlOBv4TTJdxYaF6vCKlLGEicN.nccp_10?menu_id=060100
nccp.nih.go.kr
|
44 | 2 | 39 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=-_FqdyON8K7sZV3mqkv7BQWiUJTy-t1CYE3rLZ...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=-_FqdyON8K7sZV3mqkv7BQWiUJTy-t1CYE3rLZHs.nccp_20?menu_id=031100
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=-_FqdyON8K7sZV3mqkv7BQWiUJTy-t1CYE3rLZ...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=-_FqdyON8K7sZV3mqkv7BQWiUJTy-t1CYE3rLZHs.nccp_20?menu_id=031100
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=KP0wz3TwsOytA6RHiqtwRnKIkLwNrQfUoz9Ce8...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=KP0wz3TwsOytA6RHiqtwRnKIkLwNrQfUoz9Ce8E5.nccp_10?menu_id=060400
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=KP0wz3TwsOytA6RHiqtwRnKIkLwNrQfUoz9Ce8...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=KP0wz3TwsOytA6RHiqtwRnKIkLwNrQfUoz9Ce8E5.nccp_10?menu_id=060400
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=x8AV2BZHKRX9iX5I1rr7WxEzPq7QrXygM8vm4P...
https://nccp.nih.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=x8AV2BZHKRX9iX5I1rr7WxEzPq7QrXygM8vm4PTI.nccp_10?menu_id=020200
nccp.nih.go.kr
|
44 | 2 | 39 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=x8AV2BZHKRX9iX5I1rr7WxEzPq7QrXygM8vm4P...
https://nccp.nih.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=x8AV2BZHKRX9iX5I1rr7WxEzPq7QrXygM8vm4PTI.nccp_10?menu_id=020200
nccp.nih.go.kr
|
44 | 2 | 39 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=pB5HzOyXsciymz3Pxd1YgfjgjlbGMtSARX_mS0...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=pB5HzOyXsciymz3Pxd1YgfjgjlbGMtSARX_mS06S.nccp_20?menu_id=040100
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=pB5HzOyXsciymz3Pxd1YgfjgjlbGMtSARX_mS0...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=pB5HzOyXsciymz3Pxd1YgfjgjlbGMtSARX_mS06S.nccp_20?menu_id=040100
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=f6PmFF4sDPNX65aSEOzHG4NYvSAIXI5bqpnJ_b...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=f6PmFF4sDPNX65aSEOzHG4NYvSAIXI5bqpnJ_bdu.nccp_10?menu_id=050000
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=f6PmFF4sDPNX65aSEOzHG4NYvSAIXI5bqpnJ_b...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=f6PmFF4sDPNX65aSEOzHG4NYvSAIXI5bqpnJ_bdu.nccp_10?menu_id=050000
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
parcelOut.do;jsessionid=4D9995EFBBA4724405DFA338B353AED9
https://www.kbn.re.kr/status/parcelOut.do;jsessionid=4D9995EFBBA4724405DFA338B353AED9?menuNm=disease
kbn.re.kr
|
41 | 2 | 28 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
https://nih.go.kr/ko/main/main.do
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=rGDMu4-y8wa307IespxpgOSlcpBWbjqsO_D5EZ...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=rGDMu4-y8wa307IespxpgOSlcpBWbjqsO_D5EZw4.nccp_10?menu_id=010205
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=rGDMu4-y8wa307IespxpgOSlcpBWbjqsO_D5EZ...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=rGDMu4-y8wa307IespxpgOSlcpBWbjqsO_D5EZw4.nccp_10?menu_id=010205
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=yyoCAg6dfcVfJ8i39SnlDi4gE92-bFxk49fB9K...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=yyoCAg6dfcVfJ8i39SnlDi4gE92-bFxk49fB9K2J.nccp_10?menu_id=040000
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=yyoCAg6dfcVfJ8i39SnlDi4gE92-bFxk49fB9K...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=yyoCAg6dfcVfJ8i39SnlDi4gE92-bFxk49fB9K2J.nccp_10?menu_id=040000
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=kVzAjGfVZm5OwPPtivlO8DpVeDc4PS2IDV4m8T...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=kVzAjGfVZm5OwPPtivlO8DpVeDc4PS2IDV4m8TqQ.nccp_10?menu_id=031200
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=kVzAjGfVZm5OwPPtivlO8DpVeDc4PS2IDV4m8T...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=kVzAjGfVZm5OwPPtivlO8DpVeDc4PS2IDV4m8TqQ.nccp_10?menu_id=031200
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=A7ZdrtWQmYHpIRUckZ6LKvzgsU86ygIX-cJ5HD...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=A7ZdrtWQmYHpIRUckZ6LKvzgsU86ygIX-cJ5HDEX.nccp_20?menu_id=031400
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=A7ZdrtWQmYHpIRUckZ6LKvzgsU86ygIX-cJ5HD...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=A7ZdrtWQmYHpIRUckZ6LKvzgsU86ygIX-cJ5HDEX.nccp_20?menu_id=031400
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=ZEcohVWPWCVZ28yjaHo4TQaHRhIpastIBMNFSv...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=ZEcohVWPWCVZ28yjaHo4TQaHRhIpastIBMNFSvYI.nccp_20?menu_id=040201
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
http://www.nih.go.kr
http://www.nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=ZEcohVWPWCVZ28yjaHo4TQaHRhIpastIBMNFSv...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=ZEcohVWPWCVZ28yjaHo4TQaHRhIpastIBMNFSvYI.nccp_20?menu_id=040201
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=ZEcohVWPWCVZ28yjaHo4TQaHRhIpastIBMNFSv...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=ZEcohVWPWCVZ28yjaHo4TQaHRhIpastIBMNFSvYI.nccp_20?menu_id=040201
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=_J8Er-O10EKkTBn4CSYbEkbq4BBOr8M1LRFVVN...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=_J8Er-O10EKkTBn4CSYbEkbq4BBOr8M1LRFVVNGX.nccp_10?menu_id=030100
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=_J8Er-O10EKkTBn4CSYbEkbq4BBOr8M1LRFVVN...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=_J8Er-O10EKkTBn4CSYbEkbq4BBOr8M1LRFVVNGX.nccp_10?menu_id=030100
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=tdxWVDK5YrHCKskI4p7x7ARi6bYKcw9ZwAIO16...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=tdxWVDK5YrHCKskI4p7x7ARi6bYKcw9ZwAIO160K.nccp_10?menu_id=060400
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=tdxWVDK5YrHCKskI4p7x7ARi6bYKcw9ZwAIO16...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=tdxWVDK5YrHCKskI4p7x7ARi6bYKcw9ZwAIO160K.nccp_10?menu_id=060400
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=cANgNWxZ3_eo69XI7nWI0EBwv-bRDOOzZnWaUd...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=cANgNWxZ3_eo69XI7nWI0EBwv-bRDOOzZnWaUdbP.nccp_20?menu_id=060100
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
질병관리청 국립보건연구원
http://nih.go.kr/
DOFOLLOW
|
|
main.do;jsessionid=cANgNWxZ3_eo69XI7nWI0EBwv-bRDOOzZnWaUd...
https://nccp.kdca.go.kr/main.do;jsessionid=cANgNWxZ3_eo69XI7nWI0EBwv-bRDOOzZnWaUdbP.nccp_20?menu_id=060100
nccp.kdca.go.kr
|
45 | 3 | 40 |
개인정보처리방침
http://www.nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a20810030000
DOFOLLOW
|
Frequently Asked Questions
How many backlinks does nih.go.kr have?
The backlinks page for nih.go.kr shows all individual inbound links discovered in our crawl of the web. Each backlink represents a hyperlink on another website that points to a page on nih.go.kr. Use the filters to narrow results by dofollow/nofollow status, domain rating, or anchor text.
What is a backlink?
A backlink is a hyperlink on one website that points to a page on a different website. Backlinks are one of the most important ranking factors in search engine algorithms because they act as votes of confidence from other sites. The more high-quality backlinks a domain has, the more authority search engines assign to it.
Are the backlinks to nih.go.kr dofollow or nofollow?
Backlinks to nih.go.kr include both dofollow and nofollow links. Dofollow links pass link equity (ranking power) to the target site, while nofollow links include a rel="nofollow" attribute that tells search engines not to pass authority. Both types contribute to a natural backlink profile, but dofollow links carry more SEO weight. You can filter by link type using the rel filter above the table.
How often is backlink data updated?
Backlink data is updated monthly when our web crawler completes a new cycle. Our pipeline processes billions of web pages to discover new backlinks, track lost links, and update domain authority scores. The freshness of data depends on when our crawler last visited the referring pages.